What Happens If Someone Is Found Incompetent to Stand Trial? Psych. Law Journal. Being found incompetent to stand trial does not mean a person will never face his charges. Incompetent to Stand Trial is not a legal defense like Not Guilty By Reason of Insanity is. It is a matter of legal fact that must be decided by the court. I have been asked numerous times if James Holmes will escape punishment if he is found incompetent. Many people are legitimately assuming the issue of competence will be raised in his case, and it is understandable for people to be worried that it might be a loophole in the law, or a way for him to avoid punishment. A little background on legal competence to stand trial: it is incredibly important for an individual to understand what is happening in court, to be able to think rationally about courtroom proceedings, and to be able to work with an attorney to assist in developing a defense. In Colorado, where Holmes will be tried, he must have a rational and factual understanding of the criminal proceedings against him and he must have sufficient present ability to rationally cooperate with his attorney to assist in his defense. If he does not have either of these abilities, it must be determined that his "incompetence" is caused by either a mental disability or developmental disability. Bein sports news hd 1080 p bein sports hd 1080 p bein sports 1 hd 1080 p bein sports 2 hd 1080 p bein sports 3 hd 1080 p bein sports 4 hd 1080 p bein sports 5 hd 1080 p.
If you want to read the actual Colorado law, you can look it up here: C. R. S. 1. 6- 8. 5- 1. If a person is not competent but faces trial anyway, there are multiple grounds for appeal if convicted. The person can argue that he had ineffective counsel, he can argue that he did not receive due process, and he can make a claim that he did not have an actual opportunity to confront his accusers, tell his side of the story, or present evidence in his defense. If a conviction (and thus a sentence) is overturned, there is a chance the perpetrator can walk free. Because of the risk of overturning a conviction on appeal, it is my guess that the Arapahoe County DA will raise the issue of incompetency with the court if the public defender does not. The DA will want to make sure Holmes' competency- related abilities are documented in the record before he faces his charges so there aren't any questions about them afterward if he is convicted. With that in mind, what happens if the issue of competency is raised in People v. James Holmes? The judge cannot ignore a request for the competency issue to be examined. The court will order a competency evaluation, and most likely, Holmes will be sent to the Colorado Mental Health Institute at Pueblo, the state mental health hospital, to undergo a competency evaluation. I know most of the psychologists who work at this hospital, and they are excellent. Holmes will be evaluated by some of the best forensic psychologists in the country. After a few weeks of evaluation, these psychologists will offer an opinion on whether or not Holmes is competent. It will then be up to the judge to make the final legal ruling. If Holmes is deemed competent to stand trial, his legal case will proceed just like normal. If he is found incompetent, he will be remanded back to the hospital in Pueblo, where he will undergo "restoration to competency" treatment. Every 9. 0 days, psychologists will update the court on Holmes' progress in treatment. One of two things will happen at this point: Either 1) he will be restored to competency and will face his charges just like normal, or 2) he will not be restored to competency and will not face his charges. But wait, didn't I just write that being found incompetent is not a free pass? How is not facing multiple first- degree murder (and countless other) charges not a free pass? Here is the catch: In Colorado, a person can be locked in a maximum security wing of the state hospital, which is very similar to prison, until he is restored to competency or for the maximum term of confinement that could be imposed for the offenses with which he is charged. To say it in plain English, if Holmes is not restorable to competency, he will be locked in Pueblo for at least 1. There is a chance that the defense could successfully argue that the court should drop the charges against him if he is unrestorable or that the judge could allow him out of custody on bond, but given the nature of his alleged crimes, both of these possibilities is extremely unlikely. So, even if Holmes is found incompetent, the only way he will go free is if he is restored to competency, takes his case to trial, and is found Not Guilty on every one of the dozens of charges he faces. I hope this helps. Thanks for reading- - Max Wachtel, Ph. D. www. Cherry. Creek. Psychology. comwww. Facebook. com/drmaxwachtelwww. Twitter. com/mwachtel.
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El planteamiento de esta cuestión supone: por un lado, determinar la forma de garantizar la integridad intelectual del contenido de la obra y la conservación del soporte en el que fue plasmada, y por otro, encontrar el medio por el cual se mantendrá inalterada la intención o finalidad para la cual se concibió. Los orígenes de la historia del libro se remontan a las primeras manifestaciones pictóricas de nuestros antepasados, la pintura rupestre del hombre del paleolítico. Con un simbolismo, posiblemente cargado de significados mágicos, estas pinturas muestran animales, cacerías y otras escenas cotidianas del entorno natural del hombre antiguo, que trataba de dominar las fuerzas adversas de la naturaleza capturando su esencia mediante su representación. Son el más antiguo precedente de los primeros documentos impresos de que se tiene memoria. Comunicación oral y formas rudimentarias[editar]Las señales gestuales fueron la primera forma de expresar y transmitir mensajes. La palabra hablada es la manera más antigua de contar historias. Mediante fórmulas de valor mnemotécnico[2] se estructuraban narraciones, que pasaban de generación en generación como valiosa herencia cultural de los más diversos grupos humanos. Dichas reglas mnemotécnicas ayudaban tanto a la memorización como a la difusión de los relatos. Es el caso de los poemas homéricos, que han merecido valiosos estudios sobre el particular. Posiblemente, gran parte de las tradiciones y leyendas han tenido semejante inicio. Esta transmisión oral tenía el inconveniente de los «ruidos» que deformaban el mensaje. La mayoría de las veces era el narrador (rapsoda, aeda, juglar) quien en función de sus intereses la deformaba de una u otra forma. La escritura[editar]Cuando los sistemas de escritura fueron inventados en las antiguas civilizaciones, el hombre utilizó diversos soportes de escritura: tablillas de arcilla, ostracon, placas de hueso o marfil, tablas de madera, papiros, tablillas enceradas, planchas de plomo, pieles curtidas, etc. La escritura fue el resultado de un proceso lento de evolución con diversos pasos: imágenes que reproducían objetos cotidianos (pictografía); representación mediante símbolos (ideografía); y la reproducción de sílabas y letras. Los más antiguos vestigios de escritura se encuentran, hacia finales del IV milenio a. C., en el Antiguo Egipto, con jeroglíficos, y la antigua Mesopotamia, mediante signos cuneiformes (escritura cuneiforme; utilizaban una varilla con sección triangular, que al hendir en placas de arcilla, dejaba una marca en forma de cuña). La usaron los sumerios, acadios, asirios, hititas, persas, babilonios etc. La escritura egipcia, que perduró más de tres milenios, mediante jeroglíficos, representaba ideas abstractas, objetos, palabras, sílabas, letras y números. Evolucionó en las escrituras hierática y demótica. Otros pueblos, como los hititas y los aztecas también tuvieron tipos propios de escritura. La escritura china más antigua que se conoce son 5. C. en el yacimiento de Xiaotun, en la provincia de Henan. Pero los primeros libros reconocibles de China corresponden al siglo VI a. C., los jiance o jiandu, rollos de finas tiras de bambú o madera grabados con tinta indeleble y atados con cordel. Estos textos servían principalmente a causas institucionales , era la obra de funcionarios civiles o militares.[3]Desde Confucio en adelante (5. C.) los libros se convirtieron en importantes instrumentos de aprendizaje, se escribieron tratados de filosofía, medicina, astronomía y cartografía. En el período de los reinos combatientes (4. C.) La seda se usó mucho como soporte para escribir. La tela era ligera, resistente al clima húmedo, absorbía bien la tinta y proporcionaba al texto un fondo blanco, sin embargo era mucho más cara que el bambú, es por esto que en ocasiones se hacía una copia en bambú antes de grabarse en seda los textos importantes. La invención del papel según la tradición china, se atribuye a un eunuco de la corte imperial llamado Cai Lin en el 1. C. Usando nuevos ingredientes (trapos viejos, cáñamo, corteza de árbol y redes de pescar) creó un método de fabricación de papel muy similar al que se usa hoy en día.
Pero el papel tardó cientos de años en reemplazar al bambú y la seda, fue hasta finales del siglo II d. C. que la corte imperial lo usó en cantidades importantes. Esta innovación no se propagó fuera de China hasta el 6. C. aproximadamente, y alcanzó Europa a través de España hasta el siglo XII. A mediados del siglo VIII los chinos inventaron la impresión xilográfica, o el grabado en madera, y la necesidad de reproducir un gran número de textos e imágenes budistas, calendarios, manuales de adivinación y diccionarios promovió una rápida y temprana propagación de la xilografía. El primer libro impreso chino que se ha encontrado es el Sutra del diamante del 8. C. Los impresores chinos crearon los tipos móviles hacia el siglo XI, el escritor chino Ch'en Kua (1. Mengshi Pitan), según el escritor el herrero Jen. Tsung de la dinastía de los Song del norte entre 1. También se le atribuye la creación de una mesa giratoria para guardar los caracteres, esta técnica se llamaba tipografía tablearia. Hacia el 1. 30. 0 Wang- Tcheng, un técnico agrónomo, emplazó la arcilla por madera de azufaifo, que era mucho más dura. Pero este avance no revolucionó la imprenta hasta el punto que lo hizo Gutenberg en Europa 4. A diferencia de las lenguas europeas, el chino escrito requiere miles de caracteres únicos, lo que hace mucho más eficaz los bloques de madera individuales que los enormes conjuntos de tipos reutilizables. En contraste con el declive de las artes de los escribas en occidente en los siglos que siguieron a la creación de la imprenta de tipos móviles, la caligrafía china conservó su prestigio, era un arte. No obstante, a finales del siglo XV, China había producido más libros que el resto del mundo junto. Los árabes aprendieron la técnica para fabricar papel de sus contactos con China en el siglo VIII, y este se introdujo en Europa en el siglo XII a través de la España musulmana.[3]La obra xilográfica más antigua encontrada hasta nuestros días es el Dharani Sutra de Corea, datado en el 7. C., aunque no se sabe quién fue el inventor de la xilografía los chinos y coreanos fueron los que impulsaron la impresión xilográfica, principalmente para editar textos religiosos. El budismo chino y coreano fue el vehículo que trasmitió la xilografía a Japón. Pero Corea realizó muchos otros avances que revolucionaron la manera de imprimir y en consecuencia el libro. Entre 1. 23. 4 y 1. Gwanghwa, debido a la invasión mongol, no disponían de madera dura fue entonces que imprimieron 2. Go geum sang jeong ye mun con caracteres móviles metálicos. La obra del año 1. Más tarde el rey Taejong puso en funcionamiento un taller que contribuía a la difusión de la escritura y en 1. Jujaso, donde se fabricaban caracteres móviles de imprenta, realizó la primera fundición de tipos móviles en bronce. |
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November 2017
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